The Effects of a Culturally Specific Parenting Program in Strengthening Positive Parenting Practices of Mexican Origin Families in the Southwest US

Introduction: Parenting programs can have positive effects on the acquisition of parenting skills and are some of the most effective ways of impacting youth substance use and other risk behaviors. Guided by the Ecodevelopmental approach, Familias: Preparando la Nueva Generación (Families: Preparing the New Generation [FPNG]), the parent program designed to supplement the SAMHSA model program, keepin’ it REAL (kiR),  was developed using CBPR in close partnership with Mexican origin parents in a large urban setting of the Southwest US. The main hypothesis asserts that by participating in a culturally specific parenting intervention with other culturally similar parents, parents will strengthen their positive parenting practices.While keepin’ it REAL was delivered to 7^th grade youth in classrooms by teachers, FPNG was delivered over an eight-week period (one lesson per week) at the school their youth attended by trained bilingual facilitators.

Methods: This longitudinal study followed two cohorts of parents over two years. Randomized at the school-level, parents and youth in nine schools were assigned into one of three conditions: (1) control condition (C), (2) youth-only condition, receiving only kiR, (Y), and (3) parent + youth condition, receiving FPNG and kiR, (PY).  Parents of 7^th grade youth (N=393, 82.8% mothers, M = 38.5 years old, 34.7% some high school/no diploma) completed self-report questionnaires at baseline and immediately following the intervention.  A measurement model for positive parenting was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), followed by structural equation modeling (SEM) to estimate the effects of the intervention on positive parenting.

Findings: Using the four indicator variables for positive parenting (i.e., praise, affection, reward, privilege), the CFA model fit indices were acceptable: χ² (1) = .81, p=.37; RMSEA=.00; CFI=1.00; TLI=1.01. Structural equation models confirmed that PY parents reported greater levels of positive parenting (β = .13, p < .05) at the follow-up compared to Y parents, controlling for positive parenting at baseline.  C parents were not significantly different than Y parents at follow-up (β = .07, p > .05,). The SEM model had good fit:  χ²(27) = 39.51, p=.06; RMSEA = .03; CFI=.98; TLI=.96.

Conclusion: The results indicate that parenting interventions designed to take into account the environment of the families, including culture of origin and its cultural assets, can lead to a significant strengthening of positive parenting practices. The current findings provide a strong validation for culturally specific family-centered interventions that can enhance and complement school-based substance abuse prevention efforts with Mexican American youth.